Mechanical Testing

ELCA provides the complete range of mechanical tests like Tensile, Bend, Impact, all scales of Hardness, etc as per various National & International Standards.

We employ sophisticated equipment like our Automated computer-controlled Universal Testing Machines with Automatic Extensometer and hot tensile facilities. ELCA can provide actual stress strain curves, even at high temperatures, so that the customer does not have to depend upon the curve based on cross head movement.

EQUIPMENT USED FOR TESTING
Shimadzu (Japan) Fully Computerized Tensile Testing Machine – AGIS 250kN
Tinius Olsen Super L 60 - Fully Computerized Servo Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine
Universal Testing Machines from FIE, India
TYPES OF MATERIAL TESTING
Tensile Test on:
  •  Plates, pipes, bars etc.
  •  Wires/ Thin Foils
  •  Fine Wires/Foils with Graph
  •  Tensile Test/ Breaking Load Test on TMT / TOR Steel Bar

With Yield Stress, UTS, %Elongation, Stress Strain Graph, Young’s Modulus, Proof Stress at 0.1%, 0.2% & so on

This test is widely used to determine strength, ductility, resilience, toughness and several other material properties. A test specimen of circular, square or rectangular cross-section of a suitable size is prepared from the material to be tested. The specimen is held by suitable means between the two heads of a testing machine and subjected to a progressively increasing tensile load till it fractures. A record of load acting on the specimen with progressive extension of the specimen is obtained.

Equipment Used for Testing :
  • Shimadzu (Japan) Fully Computerized Tensile Testing Machine – AGIS 250kN
  • Universal Testing Machine
  • Tinius Olsen Super L 60 – Fully Computerised Servo Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine

 

Ultimate Tensile Stress (U.T.S.) :

It is the highest value of the stress that the material can bear or sustain without fracture.

Breaking Stress or Fracture Stress:

It is the stress value at the point of fracture or failure.

Yield Stress:

It is the stress at which the material yields i.e. shows appreciable plastic deformation at almost constant stress without any strain hardening. This stress exists in some materials like low carbon steels and mild steel.

Proof Stress:

Proof Stress is reported for those materials which do not show yield point or well defined straight line portion on their stress strain diagrams and is an equivalent term to the yield stress or elastic limit stress. Proof stress is defined as the stress at which the material shows a specific amount of plastic deformation or permanent set. This specified amount of plastic deformation is of the same order as that observed during yielding of the materials which show yield point and is between 0.1 and 1.0 percent. If nothing is specified. It is customary to evaluate the proof stress at 0.2% permanent deformation.

Ductility :

It is the ability of the material to exhibit large plastic deformation prior to fracture under tensile loading conditions. It is also defined as the ability of a material to be drawn into five wire. Ductility is expressed by percent elongation.

Malleability :

It is the ability of a material to exhibit large plastic deformation prior to fracture under compressive loading conditions. It is also defined at the ability of a material to be rolled into thin sheets. Since the test is tensile, malleability of a material cannot be accurately determined from this test. However, an approximate idea about malleability can be obtained from % reduction in cross-sectional area of the specimen.

  • A fully computerized comprehensive system capable of satisfying all the customers’ needs equipped with a state-of-the-art Automatic Electronic Extensometer to give wide measuring range and high precision. It also includes a Hot Tensile attachment for carrying out tests at elevated temperatures.
    Features Include:
    •  Hot tensile Tests up to 900 °C
    •  Automatic test force and strain control, such as keeping constant test speed or test force or constant strain speed or strain
    •  Controlled Loading Rates (0.0005 to 500 mm/min)
    •  Automatic range switching for highly precise tests.
    •  Various output parameters like Young’s Modulus, Energy, etc
    •  Customized Stress Strain Graph
    •  Stress, Strain, Load, Elongation and Displacement at Yield, Maximum and Break Point etc, etc.
    •  Proof Stress at any percentage i.e 0.1%, ).2%, etc.
    •  Customized Report Styles

     

    Tests we can carry out:

    Tensile Test at Elevated Temperatures with Extensometer and Stress Strain Graph with values at various points in Stress Vs Strain

    Equipment Used for testing:

    Fully Computerized Shimadzu UTM with Automatic Extensometer

      • AUTOGRAPH ‘AGIS’ SERIES, CAPACITY 250 KN WITH HOT TENSILE CAPABILITIES Range: Up to 900°C
  • Various types of hardness like:
    •  Rockwell Hardness
    • Brinell Hardness
    • Vickers Hardness
    • Micro Hardness Test (10 gms to 1 Kg)
    • Superficial Hardness
    • MOHS Hardness Tests
    • Hardness By Portable Tester

     

    Equipments We Use:
    • MICRO HARDNESS HMV 2T
    • MICRO HARDNESS TESTER LM 300AT
    Hardness Testers from WPM Germany
    • Vickers cum Brinnel Hardness Testers
    Hardness Testers from FIE, India
    • Brinell Hardness Testers
    • Hardness Tester – Rockwell
    HARDNESS TESTS

    Indentation hardness :It is the resistance offered by the metals to the indentation, which is mainly a measure of plasticity and density. This can be divided into three major varieties i.e. Rockwell, Brinnel, and Vickers hardness scales, which are commonly used by industries.

    Rebound hardness :

    It is the resistance offered by the metal to strike and rebound, which is mainly a measure of elastic properties

    Scratch hardness :

    It is the resistance offered by the metal to scratching, which is principally a measure of strength and plastic properties.

    Cutting hardness :

    It is the resistance of metals to various cutting operations

    Abrasive hardness :

    It is resistance of metals to wear subjected to sliding or rotating motion

    Moh’s Hardness Test :

    It is the ability of the material to exhibit large plastic deformation prior to fracture under tensile loading conditions. It is also defined as the ability of a material to be drawn into five wire. Ductility is expressed by percent elongation.

    The standard Moh’s scale of hardness is as below :
    • Talc
    • Orthoclase
    • Gypsum
    • Calcite
    • Fluorite
    • Apaite
    • Quartz
    • Topaz
    • Corrundum
    • Diamond

ELCA has facilities for Impact Tests as per ISO Standards as well as American Standards (ASTM)

  •  Izod/Charpy Impact Tests on IS / BS / ISO Machine
  •  Impact Test on ASTM Machine

from Room Temperature to -196°C

Under certain situations, a ductile material fails in a brittle manner in the service and such a failure is characterized by low absorption of energy. The factors which contribute to the brittle type of failure are :

  •  A triaxial state of stress,
  •  A low temperature and
  •  A high strain rate or rapid rate of loading.

Charpy impact test is widely used in the United States and Izod impact test in Great Britain for this purpose. Procedures for the Charpy and load tests as applied to metals have been standardized (ASTM E 23).

 

Bend test is mainly done to check ductility of the material and the resistance of the metals to cracking during distortion.

From the test maximum bending strength can be determined and the presence of the cracks can easily be revealed.

In this test, specimen is subjected to progressive localized overstressing.

The test is very simple and requires less time.

Conditions for the bend test vary according to various material specifications.

Standard sized mandrels are available to bend the specimen to the required angle.

The angle which is specified is the internal angle of bend. After bending, the convex surface of the bend is examined for evidence of a crack or surface irregularity. If the specimen fractures, the material has failed the test. When complete fracture does not occur, the criterion for failure is the number and size of cracks or other surface irregularity visible to the unaided eye occurring on the convex surface of the specimen after bending, as specified by the product standard. Any cracks within one thickness of the edge of the specimen are not considered a bend test failure. Cracks occurring in the corners of the bent portion shall not be considered significant unless they exceed the size specified for corner cracks in the product standard.

With the use of our variety of test equipment and expertise, we can carry out many other mechanical tests such as the following:

  •  Nick Break Test
  •  Flattening / Flaring / Flanging Test on Pipes
  •  Compression Test on Concrete Cubes
  •  Compression Test on Spring
  •  Proof load test on nuts
  •  Weldability Test
  •  Wedge Load test on Bolts
  •  Reverse Bend Test
  •  Load Testing on Hooks
  •  Load Testing on Assemblies / Breaking Load Test
  •  Fracture Test on Fillet Weld
  •  Minimum Leak Path
  •  Shear Test on Cladded Plates
  •  Pull out Test on Mock-up per Tube
  •  Erichsen Cupping Test
  •  Flexural Test
  •  Cone Stripping Test